Hardware Learning Center
Deep-dive technical documentation, pinout diagrams, mathematical formulas, and verified C++/HDL source code. Master 14 microcontrollers, 14 sensor modules, and full HDL synthesis courses.
Microcontrollers & Development Platforms
Complete register architectures, GPIO pinout maps, clock speeds, timers, and peripheral specifications.
Arduino Uno R3
The gold standard for beginner electronics. ATmega328P with 14 digital I/O, 6 PWM, and 6 analog pins.
Arduino Nano
Breadboard-friendly ATmega328P with 8 analog inputs, mini-USB, and ultra-small form factor.
Arduino Mega 2560
54 digital pins, 16 analog inputs, and 4 hardware UARTs for large-scale 3D printers and CNC machines.
ESP32 DevKit V1
240 MHz dual-core Xtensa LX6 with built-in 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.2 BLE, capacitive touch, and DAC.
ESP32-S3
Dual-core Xtensa LX7 with vector instructions for edge machine learning, native USB OTG, and Wi-Fi/BLE 5.0.
NodeMCU ESP8266
Legendary low-cost 80 MHz Wi-Fi SoC for smart home relays, weather stations, and basic IoT sensors.
STM32 Nucleo-64
Professional 84 MHz 32-bit ARM with hardware FPU, ST-Link in-circuit debugging, and 50 Morpho GPIOs.
STM32 Blue Pill (F103)
STM32F103C8T6 72 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 delivering 32-bit high-speed dual ADCs at sub-$3 price points.
Raspberry Pi Pico
RP2040 silicon @ 133 MHz with unique Programmable I/O (PIO) state machines and 264KB SRAM.
Raspberry Pi Pico W
Adds Infineon CYW43439 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5.2 to the RP2040 for connected embedded devices.
Teensy 4.1
NXP i.MXRT1062 ARM Cortex-M7 @ 600 MHz. The fastest microcontroller board with 10/100 Ethernet and SDIO.
BBC micro:bit v2
Nordic nRF52833 with 5x5 LED matrix, onboard MEMS microphone, speaker, touch logo, and BLE mesh.
ATtiny85
Ultra-compact 8-pin microcontroller with 8KB flash, internal 8 MHz oscillator, and 6 GPIO pins.
Seeed Studio XIAO ESP32C3
Thumb-sized 32-bit RISC-V SoC with Wi-Fi and BLE 5.0 for compact wearables and discrete sensors.
Sensors, Transducers & Environmental Detectors
Acoustic, optical, chemical, thermal, and inertial sensors with wiring schematics, equations, and code.
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
2 cm to 400 cm non-contact distance measurement for robot obstacle avoidance and fluid level sensing.
ADXL345 / MPU6050 Accelerometer
Measures 3D acceleration vectors, gravity tilt, shake, and vibration for drone leveling and robotics.
MQ-2 / MQ-135 Gas & Smoke
Detects combustible gases (LPG, methane, propane, smoke) and ambient indoor air quality pollution.
DHT11 / DHT22 Humidity Sensor
Monitors ambient relative humidity and temperature with single-wire calibrated digital packet output.
Active Infrared Proximity Sensor
High-speed 940 nm optical reflection sensor for robot line following, edge detection, and object counting.
Photoresistor (LDR)
Variable resistance light sensor for automated street lamps, day/night triggers, and solar trackers.
HC-SR501 PIR Motion Detector
Detects human and warm-body motion via dual-element pyroelectric crystal and Fresnel lens array.
Soil Moisture Sensor
Monitors volumetric soil water content for automated agriculture, greenhouses, and plant care systems.
DS18B20 / LM35 Temperature
Precision temperature measurement for weather stations, industrial baths, and HVAC monitoring.
BMP280 Barometric Pressure
High-precision atmospheric pressure and altitude estimation over I2C/SPI for drones and altimeters.
Microphone Sound Sensor
Detects acoustic amplitude thresholds for sound-activated switches, clap sensors, and noise alarms.
Flame Sensor (YG1006)
Detects optical infrared emission from naked open fire for fire-fighting robots and safety interlocks.
FC-37 Raindrop Surface Sensor
Detects water droplets and precipitation for automated skylight closers and smart windshield wipers.
TTP223 Capacitive Touch Switch
Zero-bounce touch switch operating through glass and acrylic overlays for sealed human interfaces.
Connect Theory to Hands-On Implementation
Accelerate your engineering journey by combining hardware reference guides with our project builds, electronic component database, and circuit calculators: